Structures of normative theories

Abstract

The paper investigates the structure of normative theories, in particular the contrasts between agent-centered and agent-neutral theories and between consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories. It argues that the first distinction is a more proper focus of contrast. Mistaking one contrast for the other leads to significant logical errors, especially in arguments against allegedly non-consequentialist theories. Second, the paper suggests that the best hope for adjudicating disputes between agent-neutral theories and agent-centered ones is to be found in one or another meta-ethical perspective. Three meta-ethical theories (Ideal Observer, Contractualism, and Virtue Theory) are investigated as examples.