Brain–computer interface

Abstract

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) provide the brain with new output channels that depend on brain activity rather than on peripheral nerves and muscles. BCIs can for example provide communication and control, in which the user’s intent is decoded from electrophysiological measures of brain activity. The brain activity might be recorded noninvasively by sensors on the scalp or invasively by electrodes placed on the brain surface or within the brain. BCIs can enable people who are severely paralyzed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brainstem stroke, or other disorders to communicate their wishes, operate word processing or other computer programs, or even control a neuroprosthesis. They also show promise as a tool for enhancing functional recovery in people with strokes, brain or spinal cord injuries, Parkinson’s disease, or other neuromuscular disorders. With further development and clinical validation, BCIs should significantly improve the lives of people with neuromuscular disabilities. The nature and extent of their potential value for the general population are yet to be determined.