Once a leading killer, tuberculosis is now rare in rich countries — Here’s how it happened

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB), once a leading cause of death in Europe and the United States, accounting for up to 25% of all deaths during the 18th and 19th centuries, is now rare in wealthy nations. The decline predates antibiotic treatments, starting with improved living standards, sanitation, and nutrition, along with public health campaigns raising awareness about TB transmission. Specialized sanatoriums offered rest and improved diets, contributing to remission, although not a cure. The discovery of streptomycin in 1944, followed by other antibiotics and the development of triple therapy in the 1950s, revolutionized treatment, leading to a drastic reduction in TB deaths in affluent countries. While largely forgotten in these regions, TB remains a significant global health issue, causing 1.3 million deaths annually, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. These countries have also seen declining death rates and could potentially replicate the success of wealthier nations through improved living conditions, public health interventions, and access to effective treatments. Achieving global TB control comparable to the United States could save over 1.2 million lives each year. – AI-generated abstract.